TANAMAN OBAT MENINGKATKAN EFISIENSI PAKAN DAN KESEHATAN TERNAK UNGGAS

DESMAYATI ZAINUDDIN
Balai Penelitian Ternak
Jl. Veteran – III PO Box 221, Bogor 16002

ABSTRAK

Ramuan tanaman obat pada umumnya dikonsumsi oleh manusia untuk tujuan menjaga kesehatan atau
sebagai pengobatan beberapa penyakit tertentu. Sejak krisis moneter yang terjadi di Indonesia sampai saat ini
harga obat-obatan buatan pabrik (impor) sangat mahal, sehingga tidak terjangkau oleh para petani ternak,
khususnya peternak dalam skala menengah ke bawah. Oleh karena itu peternak berupaya mencari alternatif
lain dengan memanfaatkan beberapa tanaman obat sebagai obat tradisional yang disebut jamu hewan yang
dapat diberikan dalam bentuk larutan melalui air minum dan atau dalam bentuk simplisia (tepung) yang
dicampur kedalam ransum sebagai “feed additive” maupun “feed supplement”. Tujuan makalah ini untuk
mensosialisasikan dan menginformasikan manfaat dan khasiat dari tanaman obat sebagai jamu dan atau “feed
additive” untuk ternak. Jamu hewan atau ramuan beberapa tanaman obat tersebut dapat dibuat sendiri oleh
petani ternak dan harganya lebih murah dibandingkan obat pabrik, tetapi khasiatnya cukup baik untuk
pencegahan maupun pengobatan pada ternak unggas, antara lain penyakit gangguan pernafasan (Snot dan
CRD), koksidiosis, kurang nafsu makan, diare, feses hijau. Pemberian jamu hewan maupun tanaman obat
obat sebagai “feed additive” sudah banyak dilakukan oleh peternak unggas (ayam lokal, ayam ras broiler,
layer, puyuh, itik serta unggas kesayangan) di wilayah DKI, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Selatan,
Kalimantan Timur, Riau). Ternak ayam lokal (kampung) pedaging maupun petelur yang dipelihara pada
kelompok ternak di Jakarta Selatan, setiap hari diberi larutan jamu hewan melalui air minum ternyata
memberi respon positif terhadap pertumbuhan dan stamina ayam menjadi lebih baik (jarang sakit dan
mortalitas rendah), lemak karkas sangat rendah, aroma daging dan telur tidak amis, warna kuning telur lebih
oranye/skor diatas 7, serta bau kotoran ayam (ammonia) di sekitar kandang berkurang. Ternak ayam ras
broiler, petelur maupun unggas lokal (ayam dan itik) yang diberi ramuan tanaman obat sebagai “feed
additive” menunjukkan peningkatan terhadap efisiensi pakan dan kesehatan ternak

Kata kunci: Tanaman obat, jamu hewan, feed additive, kesehatan unggas

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PENGGUNAAN RAMUAN HERBAL SEBAGAI FEED ADDITIVE UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERFORMANS BROILER

LAILY AGUSTINA
Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Hasanuddin
Kampus Tamalanrea Km 10 Makassar

ABSTRAK

Penelitin ramuan herbal pada broiler untuk mengetahui efek penggunaannya sebagai feed additive
terhadap performans dan menguji kemampuan daya hambat antibakteri yang dikandung dalam ramuan herbal
tersebut. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap 3 (tiga) dosis ramuan herbal P0 (0 ml per liter air
minum); P1 (2.5 ml per liter air minum) dan P2 (5 ml per liter air minum) dengan 5 (lima) ulangan dan setiap
unit perlakuan terdiri dari 5 (lima) ekor DOC. yang dipelihara sampai umur 35 hari. Parameter performans
yang diukur meliputi: konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan, konversi pakan, rasio efisiensi protein,
persentase karkas dan persentase lemak abdominal. Disamping itu dilakukan uji daya hambat antibakteri
terhadap 3 (tiga) jenis bakteri yaitu Staphylococus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa
serta analisis kolesterol yang terkandung dalam darah ayam. Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan, disimpulkan
bahwa ramuan herbal mengandung antibakteri, mampu menurunkan kadar kolesterol darah dan bobot badan
tertinggi diperoleh pada pemberian 2.5 ml ramuan herbal per liter air minum.
Kata kunci: Ramuan herbal, Additive, performans broiler
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Yolk Sac Infection, Omphallitis

Introduction
A condition seen worldwide in chickens, turkeys and ducks due to bacterial infection of the navel and yolk sac of newly hatched chicks as a result of contamination before healing of the navel. Disease occurs after an incubation period of 1-3 days. Various bacteria may be involved, especially E .coli, Staphylococci, Proteus, Pseudomonas. Morbidity is 1-10% and mortality is high in affected chicks. It is seen where there is poor breeder farm nest hygiene, use of floor eggs, inadequate hatchery hygiene or poor incubation conditions, for example poor hygiene of hatching eggs, 'bangers', and poor hygiene of setters, hatchers or chick boxes. Inadequate incubation conditions resulting in excessive water retention and slowly-healing navels and 'tags' of yolk at the navel on hatching also contribute to the problem.
Signs
• Dejection.
• Closed eyes.
• Loss of appetite.
• Diarrhoea.
• Vent pasting.
• Swollen abdomen.
Post-mortem lesions
• Enlarged yolk sac with congestion.
• Abnormal yolk sac contents (colour, consistency) that vary according to the bacteria involved.
Diagnosis
A presumptive diagnosis is based on the age and typical lesions. Confirmation is by isolation and identification of the bacteria involved in the internal lesions. Differentiate from incubation problems resulting in weak chicks.
Treatment
Antibiotics in accordance with sensitivity may be beneficial in the acute stages, however the prognosis for chicks showing obvious signs is poor; most will die before 7 days of age.
Prevention
Prevention is based on a good programme of hygiene and sanitation from the nest through to the chick box (e.g. clean nests, frequent collection, sanitation of eggs, exclusion of severely soiled eggs, separate incubation of floor eggs etc. There should be routine sanitation monitoring of the hatchery. Multivitamins in the first few days may generally boost ability to fight off mild infections.

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Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection, M.g., Chronic Respiratory Disease - Chickens

Introduction
Infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum is associated with slow onset, chronic respiratory disease in chickens, turkeys, game birds, pigeons and other wild birds. Ducks and geese can become infected when held with infected chickens. In turkeys it is most associated with severe sinusitis (see separate description in the turkey section). The condition occurs worldwide, though in some countries this infection is now rare in commercial poultry. In others it is actually increasing because of more birds in extensive production systems that expose them more to wild birds.

In adult birds, though infection rates are high, morbidity may be minimal and mortality varies.

The route of infection is via the conjunctiva or upper respiratory tract with an incubation period of 6-10 days. Transmission may be transovarian, or by direct contact with birds, exudates, aerosols, airborne dust and feathers, and to a lesser extent fomites. Spread is slow between houses and pens suggesting that aerosols are not normally a major route of transmission. Fomites appear to a significant factor in transmission between farms. Recovered birds remain infected for life; subsequent stress may cause recurrence of disease.

The infectious agent survives for only a matter of days outwith birds although prolonged survival has been reported in egg yolk and allantoic fluid, and in lyophilised material. Survival seems to be improved on hair and feathers. Intercurrent infection with respiratory viruses (IB, ND, ART), virulent E. coli, Pasteurella spp. Haemophilus, and inadequate environmental conditions are predisposing factors for clinical disease.
Signs
• Coughing.
• Nasal and ocular discharge.
• Poor productivity.
• Slow growth.
• Leg problems.
• Stunting.
• Inappetance.
• Reduced hatchability and chick viability.
• Occasional encephalopathy and abnormal feathers.
Post-mortem lesions
• Airsacculitis.
• Pericarditis.
• Perihepatitis (especially with secondary E. coli infection).
• Catarrhal inflammation of nasal passages, sinuses, trachea and bronchi.
• Occasionally arthritis, tenosynovitis and salpingitis in chickens.
Diagnosis
Lesions, serology, isolation and identification of organism, demonstration of specific DNA (commercial PCR kit available). Culture requires inoculation in mycoplasma-free embryos or, more commonly in Mycoplasma Broth followed by plating out on Mycoplasma Agar. Suspect colonies may be identified by immuno-flourescence.

Serology: serum agglutination is the standard screening test, suspect reactions are examined further by heat inactivation and/or dilution. Elisa is accepted as the primary screening test in some countries. HI may be used, generally as a confirmatory test. Suspect flocks should be re-sampled after 2-3 weeks. Some inactivated vaccines for other diseases induce 'false positives' in serological testing for 3-8 weeks. PCR is possible if it is urgent to determine the flock status.

Differentiate from Infectious Coryza, Aspergillosis, viral respiratory diseases, vitamin A deficiency, other Mycoplasma infections such as M. synoviae and M. meleagridis (turkeys).
Treatment
Tilmicosin, tylosin, spiramycin, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones. Effort should be made to reduce dust and secondary infections.
Prevention
Eradication of this infection has been the central objective of official poultry health programmes in most countries, therefore M.g. infection status is important for trade in birds, hatchingeggs and chicks. These programmes are based on purchase of uninfected chicks, all-in/all-out production, biosecurity, and routine serological monitoring. In some circumstances preventative medication of known infected flocks may be of benefit.

Live attenuated or naturally mild strains are used in some countries and may be helpful in gradually displacing field strains on multi-age sites. Productivity in challenged and vaccinated birds is not as good as in M.g.-free stock.

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Necrotic Enteritis

Introduction
An acute or chronic enterotoxemia seen in chickens, turkeys and ducks worldwide, caused by Clostridium perfringens and characterised by a fibrino-necrotic enteritis, usually of the mid- small intestine. Mortality may be 5-50%, usually around 10%. Infection occurs by faecal-oral transmission. Spores of the causative organism are highly resistant. Predisposing factors include coccidiosis/coccidiasis, diet (high protein), in ducks possibly heavy strains, high viscosity diets (often associated with high rye and wheat inclusions in the diet), contaminated feed and/or water, other debilitating diseases.
Signs
• Depression.
• Ruffled feathers.
• Inappetance.
• Closed eyes.
• Immobility.
• Dark coloured diarrhoea.
• Sudden death in good condition (ducks).
Post-mortem lesions
• Small intestine (usually middle to distal) thickened and distended.
• Intestinal mucosa with diptheritic membrane.
• Intestinal contents may be dark brown with necrotic material.
• Reflux of bile-stained liquid in the crop if upper small intestine affected.
• Affected birds tend to be dehydrated and to undergo rapid putrefaction.
Diagnosis
A presumptive diagnosis may be made based on flock history and gross lesions Confirmation is on the observation of abundant rods in smears from affected tissues and a good response to specific medication, usually in less than 48 hours.
Treatment
Penicillins (e.g. phenoxymethyl penicillin, amoxycillin), in drinking water, or Bacitracin in feed (e.g. 100 ppm). Treatment of ducks is not very successful, neomycin and erythromycin are used in the USA. Water medication for 3-5 days and in-feed medication for 5-7 days depending on the severity.
Prevention
Penicillin in feed is preventive, high levels of most growth promotors and normal levels of ionophore anticoccidials also help. Probiotics may limit multiplication of bacteria and toxin production. In many countries local regulations or market conditions prevent the routine use of many of these options.

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Colibacillosis, Colisepticemia

Introduction
Coli-septicaemia is the commonest infectious disease of farmed poultry. It is most commonly seen following upper respiratory disease (such as Infectious Bronchitis) or Mycoplasmosis. It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature. It is caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli and is seen worldwide in chickens, turkeys, etc.

Morbidity varies, mortality is 5-20%. The infectious agent is moderately resistant in the environment, but is susceptible to disinfectants and to temperatures of 80°C.

Infection is by the oral or inhalation routes, and via shell membranes/yolk/navel, water, fomites, with an incubation period of 3-5 days.

Poor navel healing, mucosal damage due to viral infections and immunosuppression are predisposing factors.
Signs
• Respiratory signs, coughing, sneezing.
• Snick.
• Dejection.
• Reduced appetite.
• Poor growth.
• Omphalitis.
Post-mortem lesions
• Airsacculitis.
• Pericarditis.
• Perihepatitis.
• Swollen liver and spleen.
• Peritonitis.
• Salpingitis.
• Omphalitis.
• Synovitis.
• Arthritis.
• Enteritis.
• Granulomata in liver and spleen.
• Cellulitis over the abdomen or in the leg.
• Lesions vary from acute to chronic in the various forms of the disease.
Diagnosis
Isolation, sero-typing, pathology. Aerobic culture yields colonies of 2-5mm on both blood and McConkey agar after 18 hours - most strains are rapidly lactose-fermenting producing brick-red colonies on McConkey agar.

Differentiate from acute and chronic infections with Salmonella spp, other enterobacteria such as Proteus, as well as Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus spp. etc.
Treatment
Amoxycillin, tetracyclines, neomycin (intestinal activity only), gentamycin or ceftiofur (where hatchery borne), potentiated sulphonamide, flouroquinolones.
Prevention
Good hygiene in handling of hatching eggs, hatchery hygiene, good sanitation of house, feed and water. Well-nourished embryo and optimal incubation to maximise day-old viability.

Control of predisposing factors and infections (usually by vaccination). Immunity is not well documented though both autogenous and commercial vaccines have been used.

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Ascites

Introduction
Associated with inadequate supplies of oxygen, poor ventilation and physiology (oxygen demand, may be related to type of stock and strain). Ascites is a disease of broiler chickens occurring worldwide but especially at high altitude. The disease has a complex aetiology and is predisposed by reduced ventilation, high altitude, and respiratory disease. Morbidity is usually 1-5%, mortality 1-2% but can be 30% at high altitude. Pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction appears to be the main mechanism of the condition.
Signs
• Sudden deaths in rapidly developing birds.
• Poor development.
• Progressive weakness and abdominal distension.
• Recumbency.
• Dyspnoea.
• Possibly cyanosis.
Post-mortem lesions
• Thickening of right-side myocardium.
• Dilation of the ventricle.
• Thickening of atrioventricular valve.
• General venous congestion.
• Severe muscle congestion.
• Lungs and intestines congested.
• Liver enlargement.
• Spleen small.
• Ascites.
• Pericardial effusion.
• Microscopic - cartilage nodules increased in lung.
Diagnosis
Gross pathology is characteristic. A cardiac specific protein (Troponin T) may be measured in the blood. This may offer the ability to identify genetic predisposition. Differentiate from broiler Sudden Death Syndrome and bacterial endocarditis.
Treatment
Improve ventilation, Vitamin C (500 ppm) has been reported to be of benefit in South America.
Prevention
Good ventilation (including in incubation and chick transport), avoid any genetic tendency, control respiratory disease.

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Awas Budidaya Unggas di Musim Penghujan

Menghadapi musim hujan, ada tiga hal yang harus dibenahi,yakni kondisi kandang, manajemen budidaya dan kesiapan petugas kandang. Disamping itu, waspadai juga penyakit yang mungkin timbul.
Seperti kata pepatah sedia payung sebelum hujan, demikian juga dunia perunggasan dalam menyambut datangnya musim hujan. Payung untuk budidaya perunggasan berupa kesiapan kandang menghadapi musim penghujan, kesesuaian manajemen terhadap kondisi yang dihadapi selama musim penghujan, kesiapan petugas kandang mengantisipasi semua kemungkinan yang ada.

Kesiapan kandang. Sebelum musim penghujan tiba kandang harus sudah disiapkan. Yang perlu dicermati antara lain :

* Kondisi atap: Benahi atap apabila terdapat kebocoran. Masuknya air hujan dapat menyebabkan basahnya litter, pakan, bahkan ayam. Kejadian ini dapat menimbulkan terjadinya kasus jamur, hipotermi, maupun meningkatnya kandungan amoniak. Selain itu masuknya air hujan ke dalam menyebabkan kayu atau bambu kerangka kandang cepat rapuh, sehingga membuat biaya operasional meningkat.
* Kondisi gudang: Gudang hendaknya tetap dalam kondisi kering, sehingga pakan dapat terjaga mutunya. Bila lantai gudang lembab, pemakaian penyangga pakan sangat disarankan. Penyangga dapat dibuat dari kayu, maupun bambu.
* Saluran air: Saluran air yang baik dapat menghindarkan kandang dari kebanjiran, maupun basahnya kotoran ayam. Dengan lancarnya aliran air, diharapkan genangan-genangan air di sekitar kandang dapat dikurangi.
* Air minum: Pada waktu musim hujan volume air dalam sumber air meningkat, kadang permukaan air hampir sama dengan permukaan tanah. Apabila sumber air terletak di daerah yang kandungan kumannya tinggi, seperti dekat kandang, dekat tempat pembuangan, maka disarankan untuk memberikan klorin pada air minum.

Kesesuaian manajemen. Diantaranya manajemen pakan, sanitasi, biosecurity dan manajemen litter.

* Manajemen pakan: Penyimpanan pakan harus memperhitungkan kondisi gudang selama musim hujan. Hindari basahnya pakan, karena akan mempengaruhi mutu pakan, baik komposisi, bentuk aroma, maupun menghindari tumbuhnya jamur pada pakan.
* Sanitasi: Siapkan tempat dipping dimuka kandang.
* Biosecurity: Musim hujan basahnya diikuti dengan meningkatnya populasi lalat dan nyamuk, hal ini disebabkan adanya genangan air di sekitar kandang. Lalat dan nyamuk merupakan vektor dari berbagai macam penyakit. Untuk itu usaha pemberantasan serangga harus menjadi program disaat musim penghujan.
* Manajemen litter. Usahakan litter tetap kering. Bila litter basah usahakan segera diganti. Hal lain yang perlu diperhatikan adalah persediaan litter selama musim penghujan harus cukup.

Kesiapan petugas. Petugas hendaknya siap terhadap kasus-kasus yang sifatnya mendadak, untuk itu kesiapan petugas kandang sangat diperlukan, seperti mengoptimalkan suhu selama masa brooding, mengontrol kondisi atap, saluran air dan kondisi gudang.
Kasus penyakit. Beberapa penyakit yang biasa timbul selama musim penghujan diantaranya:

* Colibacilosis : Disebabkan oleh infeksi baktri Eschericia coli. Penularan melalui kontak langsung antara ayam sakit dengan ayam sehat melalui pakan, minum dan debu yang tercemar. Colibacilosis dapat menyebabkan kematian embrio. Infeksi yolk sac, omfalis, ooforitis, salpingitis, koligranuloma dan arthritis. Hal yang dapat dilakukan dengan mengoptimalkan sanitasi, bisecurity dan ventilasi udara.
* Coccidiosis: Disebabkan oleh Eimeria (protozoa). Penyakit ini menyerang saluran pencernaan ayam sehingga gejala yang sering timbul adalah berak darah. Pencegahan dengan mengoptimalkan sanitasi, ventilasi udara, sinar matahari dan biosecurity.
* Jamur: Jenis jamur yang sering menyerang ayam adalah Aspergillus. Jamur ini masuk ke tubuh ayam melalui pakan atau litter. Jamur ini terutama menyerang saluran pernafasan ayam.

Penyakit-penyakit lain yang penularannya melalui vektor lalat tikus dan nyamuk. Pada musim hujan, genangan air banyak terdapat disekitar kandang, sehingga populasi nyamuk meningkat. Basahnya kotoran ayam juga menyebabkan populasi lalat meningkat. Dengan turunnya hujan, semak-semak sekitar kandang juga menjadi rimbun sehinga menjadi tempat sembunyi tikus. Untuk itu program pembasmian tikus, lalat dan nyamuk harus dilaksanakan pada musim penghujan.

sumber http://mitraunggas.com/index.php?main_page=more_news&news_id=9

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Karakteristik Strain Broiler

Karakteristik serta keunggulan strain broiler dan layer di Indonesia antara lain:

Strain Cobb (broiler)

1. Titik tekan pada perbaikan FCR
2. Pengembangan genetik diarahkan pada pembentukan daging dada
3. Mudah beradaptasi dengan lingkungan tropis (heat stress)
4. Produksi efisien (Bobot badan 1,8 – 2 kg; FCR 1,65)

Strain Hybro (broiler)

1. Fokus terhadap kekuatan dan daya hidup
2. Menjaga keseimbangan antara sifat broiler dan breeder
3. Performa bagus pada iklim tropis
4. Tahan terhadap kasus ascites
5. Fokus pengembangan genetik pada hasil/produk karkas

Strain Ross (broiler)

1. FCR lebih efisien
2. Laju pertumbuhan lebih cepat
3. Daya hidup lebih bagus
4. Fokus pengembangan genetik pada kekuatan kaki sebagai penyeimbang berat badan

sumber www.cjfeed.co.id/

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